The CSIR conducts core research and develops competencies in various strategically critical areas of the natural resources and the environment (NRE) fields of study. Through relevant and focused research, CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment seeks to address the significant challenges regarding sustainable development in South Africa, with a focus on the optimal utilisation of natural resources in support of economic growth and human wellbeing. The research themes that underpin the CSIR’s core research activities in this domain include coupled land, water and marine ecosystems, energy futures, environmental assessment and management, forestry resources, mineral resources, pollution and waste, sustainability science, and water futures.